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125 years Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft - Botanical Congress - September 3rd - 7th 2007
Poster - Abstracts to topic 3 Cell - Tree - Timber History and characterization of an arboreal and shrub community of a Seasonal Semideciduos secondary Forest fragment in Ribeirão Preto,State of São Paulo,Brazil Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP , Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; samiebr@yahoo.com The fragment is located in Ribeirão Preto City, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in the campus of the Universidade de São Paulo - USP (47°51’01.66’’W). It is 2,6 ha. of Seasonal Semideciduos secondary Forest from the Atlantic Forest biome. This area was once a place for the coffee grain drying, in one of the most important brazilian coffee farms between 1870 and 1940. Later it had other utilities until its abandonment that happened about 40 years ago. At this time a natural regeneration process was initiated. For the community characterization, 35 plots of 20m x 20m were established and all individuals with PBH (perimeter at breast height) ≥ 15 cm, alive or standing deads, were identified and measured. The phytosociologic parameters of density, dominance and frequency (absolute and relative) were calculated for the community. The results were compared to others fragments of the region. 1856 individuals were sampled (67 morphospecies, 52 genus and 28 families). The families with greater number of species were Leguminosae (16), Euphorbiaceae (5), Bignoniaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae (4 each) and Meliaceae (3). The number of exotic species is high and corresponds to about 20% of the total. The results show that the forest fisionomy recovered in this ~40 years period. However, the vegetal community structure is different from that found in more preserved areas. Key words: Atlantic Forest biome, Seasonal Semideciduos Forest, secondary forest, phytosociology, vegetal community.
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EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION ON THE SUCCESSION OF BENTHIC COMMUNITIES IN SPITSBERGEN 1Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany; 2Biological Station Helgoland, AWI, Helgoland, Germany; 3Dalhousie University, Biology Department, Halifax, Canada; Anna.Fricke@awi.de At present there is very little information how macrobenthic communities are affected by UV radiation. In particular, it is not clear whether the damaging effects of UV radiation can be buffered by ecological processes. In the present study, a field experiment in the intertidal of the Arctic Kongsfjorden (78°55’N, 11°56’E) in Spitsbergen was conducted from 12 May to 10 July 2006, and the individual and interactive effects of UV-radiation and successional age of macrobenthic communities, developed over different time periods in the sublittoral, were investigated. Communities were transplanted from their original place at 8 m water depth onto floating constructions in 0.5 m water depth and exposed for a period of 4 and 8 weeks to different light treatments: PAR (400-700nm), PAR+UVA (320-700nm), PAR+UVA+UVB (280-700nm) and full sunlight (control). Macrobenthic species composition, biodiversity, percentage cover and biomass (dry mass) were analyzed. Additionally, the light regime in the atmosphere and at 50cm water depth was monitored constantly. The results show that increased solar radiation after transfer from deep to shallow water, as well as UV radiation, affected the succession of macrobenthic communities. The differential spectral ranges tested showed negative as well as positive effects. Observed differences between the communities can be explained by the different UV tolerances and the interactions between the different species. In conclusion, older communities seemed to be more stable in their composition than younger ones:
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Faster evaluation of induced floral sterility in transgenic early flowering poplar BFH, Institute for Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Germany; mfladung@uni-hamburg.de A major concern over the use of transgenic trees is the potential for extensive transgene dispersal through pollen and seeds. The incorporation of sterility genes into transgenic lines of trees has been proposed to reduce or even avoid gene flow of transgenes into non-transgenic relatives, which is one of the main ecological concerns with respect to commercial use of transgenic plants. The evaluation of strategies for the induction of sterility in transgenic forest tree species has been hindered by their long vegetative periods. In this study early flowering 35S::Leafy poplar lines were used for the evaluation of two different sterility constructs, TA29::Barnase and C-GPDHC::Vst1. The combination of two transgenic approaches, one to induce early flowering and a second for the induction of sterility, allowed evaluation of both sterility strategies two years after transformation. This is a very short period of time considering the long vegetative period of up to ten to twenty years common in forest tree species. This approach opens new opportunities for the assessment of mechanisms for this plant group.
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Heterologous overexpression of BpMADS4, a FRUITFULL-like MADS box gene from birch, induces a delay on leaf senescence and dormancy in transgenic aspen 1BFH, Institute for Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Germany; 2University of Hamburg, Germany; mfladung@uni-hamburg.de MADS box genes have been shown to be important to flower and vegetative tissue development, senescence and winter dormancy. The constitutive expression of the BpMADS4 gene from birch induces a delay on leaf senescence and dormancy in transgenic poplar. Different analysis revealed that 35S::BpMADS4 poplars maintained photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll and proteins in leaves under winter conditions. BpMADS4 may be influencing transcription factors regulating the senescence and dormancy process due to homology with homeobox proteins of poplar related to both traits. Little is known of the regulatory genes that co-ordinate senescence, dormancy, chlorophyll/protein degradation, and photosynthesis at the molecular level. Dissecting the molecular characteristics of senescence regulation will probably involve the understanding of multiple and novel regulatory pathways. The results presented here may be useful for achieving this aim in poplar.
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Sucrose cleaving enzymes in the wood of Robinia pseudoacacia during the infection with pathogenic fungi Wood Biology, Department of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Germany; elisabeth.magel@uni-hamburg.de
In trees, injured and infected woody tissue is isolated by compartmentalization. Adjacent to the infection site, discoloured reaction zones are formed by living parenchyma cells in order to establish chemical barriers against invading microorganisms.
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Climate change and the effects of increased air temperature on conifer cold hardiness 1Universität Freiburg, Germany; 2University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada; 3Université Laval, QE, Canada; 4Wayne State University, MI, USA; ingo.ensminger@ctp.uni-freiburg.de
Climate change will affect the functioning and productivity of temperate and boreal trees and forest ecosystems. We studied the regulation of photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in the evergreen conifer Pinus banksiana (Jack pine) in response to climate change scenarios. In a series of experiments we manipulated daylength and growth temperature during autumn growth conditions in order to disseminate the significance of each factor as environmental signal as well as their interactive effects on carbon uptake, structure and composition of the thylakoid membrane and changes in energy partitioning. Large-scale gene expression analysis further revealed an interactive effect of the autumn photoperiod and low temperature resulting in the enrichment of specific biological themes (GO categories). The enriched biological themes are distinct or have only little overlap with the enriched themes observed in conifer trees exposed to either autumn photoperiod or low autumn air temperature alone. Furthermore, both, physiological and gene expression data suggest that increased autumn air temperature combined with autumn photoperiod (and thus representing an increased length of the growing season under climate change scenarios) might not help to increase the carbon gain in Jack pine under these conditions.
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Drought stress reaction of European aspen (Populus tremula L.) – a QTL-mapping approach 1Technische Universität Dresden, Forest Botany, Tharandt, Germany; 2Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, ICG-V, Jülich, Germany; 3Technische Universität Dresden, Forest Utilisation, Tharandt, Germany; 4BFH, Inst. for Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Hamburg, Germany; matthias.meyer@mailbox.tu-dresden.de Elevated aridity and scarcity of water are likely consequences of global warming in Central European ecosystems and will cause more negative minimum seasonal water potentials (‑Ψmin). ‑Ψmin exerts selective pressure on trees. Poplar varieties well adapted to more negative ‑Ψmin are badly needed for short rotation coppicing as well as for forestry in pioneer ecosystems. Our QTL-mapping study (quantitative trait loci) provides DNA-markers linked to water use efficiency and resistance to air embolism of Populus tremula L. Genetic linkage maps were constructed harbouring SSR and AFLP markers (software package JoinMap®). The average maternal recombination distance was reduced resulting in an approximately 19 % longer map for the female tree which was consistent with results from other aspen mapping projects. The maps were used for mapping of relevant quantitative traits (QTs), e.g. vessel length/diameter/cross section ratio, fibre length, wood density, signatures of stable isotopes (δ13C, δ18O) and radial increment. The QTs were measured separately for the growth rings of the seven-years-old mapping population showing a juvenilety effect on the physiological data. The ratio of the values of the respective trait in a drought and a non drought year (2003/2002) was used for QTL-mapping of drought reaction. At present, the maps are being enriched with additional SSR markers available from the International Populus Genome Consortium to allow comparative mapping with other poplar species and the transfer of candidate gene information to the aspen linkage maps.
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European beech provenances under climate change: response of transpiration, chlorophyll fluorescence and tree ring growth Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, Hamburg, Germany; maik.veste@t-online.de The ongoing climate change will increase temperature by 1.5-2.5 K. As a consequence, precipitation will decrease and the increased frequency and severity of drought will affecting the growth of plants by water depletion in northern and eastern Germany. Already in the recent years drought periods affected the ecosystems in Western Europe. Furthermore, increasing temperature causes a shift of the zones of natural forest vegetation types as well as of the range of the beech (Fagus sylvatica) towards higher altitudes and to the north and – perhaps - northeast. Various ecotypes have developed in Europe under different local climate and soil conditions based on genetically differences. A provenance trial was established in Schädtbeck (Schleswig-Holstein) to compare the adaptability of beech provenances to climate changes. For the investigations 6 provenances from Austria, Czech Republic, Germany (Brandenburg, Harz), Romania and, Spain were selected representing a with range of climatic conditions from 575 mm to 1400 mm annual rainfall. Transpiration, leaf conductance and electron transport rates were determined during the summer in July 2006. Samples for tree ring growth were sampled covering the growth period between 1996 – 2006. The summer drought in 2003 had drastic effects on the tree growth in all provenances, while the recovery depends from the provenances.
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Herkunfts-Identifikation von forstlichem Vermehrungsgut Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst und Holzwirtschaft - Institut für Forstge; t.markussen@holz.uni-hamburg.de
Der überwiegende Teil des forstlichen Vermehrungsgutes für künstliche Verjüngungen von Waldbeständen soll gemäß dem Forstvermehrungsgutgesetz (FoVG) aus gesetzlich zugelassenen Erntebeständen stammen. Ziel ist, durch geeignete Wahl des Vermehrungsgutes einen Beitrag zu leisten, dass aus kostenintensiven Bestandesbegründungen angepasste, leistungsfähige, hochwertige und stabile Baumbestände hervorgehen. Bisher wird die Herkunft von forstlichem Vermehrungsgut fast ausschließlich schriftlich dokumentiert. Die amtlichen Kontrollmechanismen sind allerdings unzureichend, um Waldbesitzern ausreichende Sicherheit bezüglich der Herkunft von forstlichem Vermehrungsgut zu gewährleisten. Durch Öffnung des europäischen Marktes mit seinem zum Teil komplizierten Kontrollsystemen kommt erschwerend hinzu, Saat- und Pflanzgut unbekannter oder zweifelhafter Herkunft vom deutschen Markt fernzuhalten. Hieraus resultierend formuliert sich im Sinne des Verbraucherschutzes somit ein dringender Handlungsbedarf. Da eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Kontrollmöglichkeit zur Herkunftsdefinition von Vermehrungsgut bisher nicht existierte, wurde im Rahmen einer Pilotstudie in Zusammenarbeit mit der Forstgenbank NRW der Aufbau eines Herkunfts-Identifikations-Systems (HIS) mit Hilfe von hochvariablen DNA-Markern erprobt, deren Ergebnisse in Form eines Posterbeitrages präsentiert und diskutiert werden sollen.
P03: 10
Molecular basis of discoloration processes in broad-leaved trees – Gene expression analyses of key enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis in Robinia pseudoacacia L. Universität Hamburg, Germany; hlange@holz.uni-hamburg.de
Discolorations in the wood of trees occur as constitutive heartwood formation or as defence reactions to pathogens. These processes are characterized by flavonoid biosynthesis, in which phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) und chalcone synthase (CHS) play a key role. Both enzymes are encoded by multigene families. Aim of the present work is to investigate differential expression patterns of PAL and CHS genes related to discolorations within the wood of R. pseudoacacia L. Up to now several PAL and CHS genes were sequenced. For each gene, gene specific primers were designed and were used for expression analyses by semiquantitave PCR. First results indicate that both PAL and CHS gene family members are differentially expressed in the wood of R. pseudoacacia L. trunks dependent on tissue type and season. PAL genes are up-regulated in the sapwood-heartwood transition zone (TZ) as well as in the differentiating xylem (DX). Differences in the degree of expression were detected between the different PAL genes. CHS was exclusively expressed in the TZ. Different family members revealed differences in their expression levels with highest expression during autumn. Strong expressions of PAL genes indicate an involvement in two different metabolic pathways: (1) flavonoid synthesis in TZ (2) lignin synthesis in the DX. CHS expression in the TZ points out its role for flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Seed germination in two dominant treeline species Betula litwinowii and Rhododendron caucasicum in the Central Caucasus 1Niko Ketskhoveli Institute of Botany & Ilia Chavchavadze State University, Georgia; 2Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA; akhalkatsim@netscape.net In the Central Greater Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, Betula litwinowii occurs on north-facing slopes, forms the alpine timberline, and reaches its treeline limit only when associated with the broadleaf evergreen shrub, Rhododendron caucasicum. We studied seed germination requirements to temperature and light in both species. The germination tests at different light conditions have shown that no germination has occurred in R. caucasicum in the dark. B. litwinowii was germinated in both treatments. Seed imbibition was prolonged in R. caucasicum (3 weeks), but germination and cotyledon formation were happened very rapidly (2 days). Seeds of B. litwinowii were already imbibed after 48 h and were germinated after 4 days. Although, cotyledon formation and seedling growth requires approximately 2 weeks. Radicle of the birch develops root hairs soon after emergence and is very sensitive to drying. Seedlings isolated from Petri dish dry up already after 3 min. Radicles of R. caucasicum have no root hairs until first leaf develops and seedlings are more resistant to drying. They remain viable several hours in dry condition. We suppose that seed germination requirements of studied species determine their distribution patter in natural environment. R. caucasicum grows in better illuminated habitats under open subalpine krummholz and above treeline. But, it does not enter birch forest with closed canopy at lower elevations. Shaded and moist microhabitat under Rhododendron shrubs may facilitate successful establishment of birch seedlings at the alpine treeline.
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Somatic embryogenisis in Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana) and its potential application for clonal mass propagation 1Humboldt University Berlin, Germany; 2Horticultural Centre Münster-Wolbeck; kurt.zoglauer@rz.hu-berlin.de
Nordmann fir has an enormous commercial importance for Christmas tree production in Europe. It is exclusively grown from seeds harvested form natural population in the Caucasian mountains. Clonal varieties would help to improve the quality of trees and the cultivation characteristics considerably. Methods based on somatic embryogenesis are expected to become a realistic possibility to solve these problems in the future. Recent achievements in somatic embryogenesis of Abies species will be presented including developmental patterns in comparison with zygotic embryogenesis as well as control of embryo maturation, germination and acclimatization. Acclimatization experiments with tens of thousands of somatic seedlings in the last year indicate that large scale clonal propagation of A. nordmanniana is now possible. Achievements and problems in scaling up will be discussed. |
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| Impress / 1-8-2007 / Rolf Bergmann / http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/bt07/abstracts/poster/epa03p.htm | search
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